قواعد اللغة الانجليزية-متجدد-

[ام اسر2009]

Lesson 17

Subject-verb agreement
الاتفاق بين الفاعل والفعل

A subject may be a noun(Ali,a student,the book,..)or a pronoun(he ,I,we
يمكن للفاعل ان يكون اسم او ضمير
there must be an agreement between a subject and a verb in the sentence.

If the subject is singular ,the verb should be alike
يجب ان يكون الفعل موافق للفاعل,فاذا كان الفاعل مفرد يكون الفعل كذلك وهكذا
Ex:
-My friend lives in Egypt.

the subject is singular,and the verb takes (s)of the simple present tense.

-The ideas in the book are interesting.

The subject is plural ,it takes no s(simple present tense)

-He has a car/we have a car
A singular pronoun takes "has",while a plural pronoun takes" have"

Uncountable nouns are used as singular nouns
الاسماء التى لا تعد تعامل معاملة المفرد
Ex:
The news is exciting.
My money is not much.


Expressions of quantity:

Some of+singular noun+singular verb
some of+plural noun+plural verb
a lot of+singular noun+singular verb
a lot of +plural ..+plural verb
(it depends on the kind of word after the expression of quantity)

Ex:
Some of the book is good.
Some of the books are good
A lot of my friends are here.
A lot of the equipment is new.


one of/each of/every one of+plural noun+singular verb

One of my friends is here.
Each of my friends is here.

The number of students in the class is 20.(the number is the subject)
A number of students were late for class.(a number of means a lot of)

There is a book on the desk.(a book is the subject)
There are some books on the shelf.(the subject is some books)

Everyone-everybody-no one-no body-no thing-anybody-anything-someone-something-everything are all singular indefinite pronouns كلها ضمائر مفردة

Somebody left his book on the desk
Everyone has his or her ideas.
Everybody is allright.
No one is missing.

Collective nouns are like:
audience,couple,family,police,government,group,sta ff,team,crowd,class,...

When it refers to a whole singular unit,a singular pronoun and verb is used
اذا كانت تشير الى كتلة واحدة مثل العائله كلها وليس الافراد او البوليس كهيئه وليس رجال البوليس
تعتبر مفرد
My family is large.

When it refers to a collection of individuals,plural verb is used
اذا كانت تشير الى الافراد داخل المجموعة مثلا افراد العائله او البوليس(رجال البوليس

My family is loving.They are always ready to help.

Those people are from Canada.

The police have been called

[ام اسر2009]

Lesson 18


Subjects,verbs,and objects

Almost all English sentences contain a subject and a verb
معظم الجمل الانجليزية تتكون من فاعل وفعل
A subject may be a noun or a pronoun
1-الفاعل قد يكون اسم او ضمير
Noun(my father,my friend,Egypt,Arabic,...)

A pronoun>>>subject pronounsضمائر الفاعل
subject pronouns are (I,he,she,it)for singular and (we,they,you)for plural

Birds fly.
Birds(subject)(noun)
fly(verb)


I am a student
I(subject)(pronoun)
am(verb)

A verb may be transitive or intransitive
2-الفعل قد يكون متعد او غير متعدى

A transitive verb is followed by an object
الفعل المتعدى هو الذى يتبعه مفعول به
The student needs a pen.

needs(transitive verb)
pen(an object of a verb)

الفعل الغير متعد لا يتبعه مفعول به

The baby cried
The baby(subject)
cried(intransitive verb).There is no object.

Prepositional phrase consists of a preposition and an object of a preposition
3-تتكون من جار ومجرور
prepositions are
like:about,above,across,after,before,against,of,of f,to,on,out,over,up,upon,with,
without,since,like,by,at,......

An object of a preposition follows a preposition

Ex:
in the library(prepositional phrase)
in: preposition
the library:an object of a preposition

We enjoyed the party at your house
we(subject)
enjoyed(transitive verb)
the party(an object)
at your house(prepositional phrase)

Adjectives describe nouns or modify nouns(an adjective comes before a noun to 4-

describe it)الصفة تأتى لتصف الاسم الذى يأتى بعدها
Mary is an intelligent student

intelligent( adjective)
student(noun)

An adjective takes no final (s)

An adverb modify s a verb,often to answer the question"how
5-لظرف يأتى ليصف الفعل ويجيب دائما عن سؤال "كيف,فهو يوضح بأى طريقه حدث الفعل
Adverbs are often formed by adding "ly" to an adjective
يتكون الظرف باضافة
ly على الصفة
adjective(quick)
adverb(quickly)

extreme-----extremely
careful-----carefully

She walks quickly
walks(verb)
quickly(an adverb) describes how she walks

adverbs also describe adjectivesقد يأتى ليصف الصفة
I am extremely happy
extremely(an adverb)
happy(an adjective)

Adverbs are used also to express time or frequency:tomorrow او التعبير عن

الوقت,today,yesterday,soon,never,always,usually,..

Ann will come tomorrow(adverb)

Some adverbs come before verbs such
as:usually,always,already,finally,just,sometimes,. .......

Ann always comes on time

وهذه هى كل الاجزاء التى يمكن ان تتكون منها الجملة

[ام اسر2009]

Lesson 19



Conditional sentences

الجمل الشرطية

There are three kinds of conditional sentences

هناك 3 انواع من الجمل الشرطية

تتكون الجمله من جزئين:جملةالشرط والنتيجة
If clause>>result clause

1-If+simple present____>(simple present) or (simple future)

It expresses something true in the present or the future
تعبر عن شئ حقيقى او يمكن ان يحدث فى الحاضر او المستقبل
ex:
If I have enough time,I write to my parents every week
هذا شئ واقعى ااذا كان لدى وقت أكتب لوالدى

If I have enough time tomorrow ,I will write to my parents.
If I don't eat breakfast,I always get hungry during class
اذا لم اتناول فطارى ,سأجوع اثناء الدرس

2-If+simple past_________>would(could,should,might)+simple form
It expresses something untrue in the present or the future
تعبر عن شئ غير حقيقى او لا يمكن ان يحدث فى الحاضر او المستقبل

If I were a bird,I could fly home.
(I am not a bird)

If I taught that class,I wouldn't give tests
(In truth,I do not teach this class)

If he was here now,he would help us
(In truth,he is not here now)

If I were you,I would expect that invitation
(In truth,I am not you)

Progressive forms are used in the progressive situations

If it were not raining right now,I would go out for a walk.
(It is raining right now ,so we use progressive form)
هى بالفعل تمطر الان,فلو كانت لا تمطر كنت سأخرج

3-If+past perfect______>would(could,might,should) have+p.p.
It expresses something untrue in the past
تعبر عن شئ غير حقيقى او لا يمكن حدوثه فى الماضى(لان حدث بالفعل شئ غيره وانتهى فى الماضى
If you had told me about the problem,I would have helped you.
(In truth,you did not tell me in the past)
أذا كنت اخبرتنى عن المشكلةوكنت ساعدتك
فى الحقيقه انا لم اخبره فى الماضى وبالتالى هو لم يساعدنى(المعنى:لو كان حصل كذا)
If I had not slipped on the ice,I would not have broken my arm.
(In truth,I slipped on the ice ,and broke my arm)
لو لم اقع على الثلج لما كسرت يدى

Progressive forms are used in progressive situations>

If it had not been raining,I would have gone for a walk.
هى امطرت بالفعل وبالتالى لم اخرج

[Oum Lina et Lilia]

May God bless you

Go ahead

[-جنان-]

جزاك الله خيرا و نفع بك اختي ام اسر
لاااا حرمت الاجر

[ام اسر2009]

Lesson 20



Questions
تكوين الاسئلة

There are two kinds of questions

هناك نوعين من الاسئلة:اسئلة نعم او لا واسئلة لطلب معلومات
1-Yes,no questions.
2-Information questions.

1-Yes or no questions
اولا:اسئلة نعم او لا
A yes or no question may be answered by yes or no
هى الاسئله التى يكون معناها "هل"و تكون الاجابة عليها بنعم او لا
questionoes he live in Cairo?
Answer:?Yes,he does or No,he doesn't

How to build a question
كيف نبنى السؤال؟
A question consists of
a helping (or auxiliary)verb+subject+main verb of the sentence+the rest of the
sentence
يتكون السؤال من الفعل المساعد ثم الفاعل ثم الفعل الاصلى للجمله دون اى اضافه ولا يكون فى الماضى فقط الشكل العادى
Does he live in Cairo?
Does:helping verb
he:subject
live:verb of the sentence

انواع الافعال المساعدة
a helping verb is (will,shall,can,could,would,....)
a helping verb is also(is,am,are,have,has,do,does,did)

if there is verb(be) or (have)in the sentence,it is used as a helping verb
If there is only the main verb of the sentence,verb(do)is used
does(he,she,it),do(I,we,they,you),did(past)
اذا لم يوجد فعل مساعد فى الجمله نستخدم فعل do

I will travel to Cairo
To turn this sentence into a question
لتحويل الجملة الى سؤال نبحث اولا عن الفعل المساعد فى الجمله ثم نكون السؤال بنفس الخطوات
1-We search for the helping verb in the sentence
2-we consist the question

helping verb+subject+verb in the simple form(no s ,no past)
EX:
I will travel to Cairo_____________Will you travel to Cairo?
He lives in Tanta?__________________Does he live in Tanta
He traveled to Cairo yesterday.________did he travel to Cairo yesterday?
He is a teacher.________________________is he a teacher?
I have a car____________________________Do you have a car?
I have been to England__________________have you been to England?

2-Information question

An information question ia a question that ask for information by using a question
word such as:who,when,where,which,whose,...
هو السؤال الذى يسأل لطلب معلومات مثل:متى,اين,من,وهكذا
Question word+helping verb+subject+verb
كلمة السؤال ثم الفعل المساعد ثم الفاعل ثم الفعل الاصلى للجملة

Where does he live?
where:question word
does:helping verb
he:subject
live:verb

Answer:subject+verb+rest of the sentence
He lives in Cairo.

He is living there___________Where is he living?
Mary can live here___________Where can Mary live?
John lives here______________who lives here?


When did they arrive?
How old are you?
Who came to visit you?
Whom did you see?What do you need?

To use the negative form,"not" is used after the helping verb
للنفى نضع بعد الفعل المساعدnot
not=n't
Doesn't she live in Cairo?
Aren't you supposed to be in class now?
Who isn't here?

[ام اسر2009]

Lesson 21

Tag Questions

A tag question is a question added at the end of a sentence.Speakers use tag
question chiefly to make sure their information is correct or to seek agreement
يأتى دائما فى نهاية الجملة ويستخدم للتأكد ان معلومة صحيحة او للتأكد من الاتفاق وتكون بمعنى"أليس كذلك

Jack can come,can't he?
Fred can't come,can he?

1-A tag question come at the end of a sentence.
2-It is preceded by a comma (,)
3-To form it,we use
helping verb+subject+?
4-Sentences with negative words take affirmative tags
يأتى هذا السؤال فى نهاية الجملة ويتكون من الفعل المساعد اولا ثم الفاعل وعلامة الاستفهام
اذا كانت الجملة فى الاثبات يأتى السؤال فى النفى,واذا كانت فى النفى يأتى السؤال فى الاثبات

Ex:
Mary is here,isn't she?
Mary is here.(simple sentence)
isn't she?(tag question)
is(helping verb)
n't(negative)because the sentence is in the affirmative form
Mary(subject)


You like tea,don't you?
They have left,haven't they?
Mary isn't here,is she?

Affirmative answer is expected in the negative tag question and vice verse
فى الاجابة على هذا السؤال,اذا كان مثبتا تكون الاجابة بالنفى
واذا كان السؤال منفيا تكون الاجابة مثبتة

Affirmative sentence+tag question________Affirmative answer
Mary is here,isn't she?__________________yes,she is
They have left,haven't they?_____________yes,they have

Negative sentence+tag question___________negative answer
Mary isn't here,is she?__________________no,she isn't
They haven't left,have they?_____________no,they haven't


Ex:
There is a meeting tonight,isn't there?
Everything is OK,isn't it?
Everyone took the test,don't they?

Sentences with negative form took the affirmative tags
الجمل التى تتضمن النفى فى معناها يكون فيها السؤال بالاثبات
Nothing is wrong,is it?
Nobody called on the phone,did they?
You have never been there,have you?

[ام اسر2009]

Lesson 22

Quoted Speech

الكلام المقتبس

Quoted speech refers to reproducing words exactly as they were originally spoken.
Quotation marks ("...")are used.

EX:
She said,"My brother is a student."

---If (she said) comes in the beginning
اذا جاءت فى البداية she said
نضع فاصل بعدها ويكون اول حرف كبير والنقطة فى نهاية الجملة قبل غلق الكوتيشن
1-A comma is used after she said.
2-Capitalize the first word in the quoted sentence
3-Put the final quotation marks after the period at the end of the sentence.



---"My brother is a student,"she said.
اذا جائت فى النهاية
نستخدم فاصل بعد انتهاء الجملة وقبل غلق الكوتيشن
If (she said) is at the end of the sentence
1-Use a comma at the end of the quoted speech before the final quotation mark.

---"My brother," she said,"is a student."k
اذا جاءت فى الوسط
فاصل بعد الجزء الاول ونقطة بعد الجزء الثانى وقبل علامة غلق الكوتيشن
If the quoted speech is divided by (she said)
1-Use a comma after the first part of the quote and a period after the second part
of the quote.



---Quoting a question
السؤال المقتبس
نستخدم علامة الاستفهام

The question mark is inside the quotation marks
"When will you be here?"she asked.

---An exclamation:
فى التعجب نستخدم علامة التعجب
She said,"Watch out!"
The exclamation mark is inside the quotation marks.

Reported Speech

Reported speech refers to reporting what someone said.No quotation marks are used.

Quoted speech____________________________Reported speech
She said,"I watch TV every day"__________She said (that) she watched TV every day
She said,"Do you watch TV"_______________She asked if I watched TV.


1-(She) said is always in the first
2-Said to (me) turns to told (me)
3-Said turns to asked in the question ,and if is used before the reported sentence
(asked me if)
فى السؤال تتحول الى asked if
4-If it is an imperative:الامر
said turns to told me to+verb


5-(That) can be used after she said or not.(She said that
يمكن استخدامها او لا that
6-No Capital letter is used here and no quotation marks.
7-The subject inside the quotation turns to the subject in the beginning of the

sentence or according to it.
She said,"I watch....."___________________>>>She said (that) she .....

8-If the verb in the quoted speech in the present form,it will be in the past form
Present_______________>past
Present progressive_____>past progressive
Past____________________>perfect past
الفعل فى الجملة المقتبسة
اذا كان فى المضارع يتحول الى الماضى
الماضى يتحول الى ماضى تام
مضارع المستمر يتحول الى ماضى مستمر
وهكذا
9-Pronouns are changed according to the meaning of the sentence
تتغير الضمائر طبقا لمعنى الجملة
10-A period or full stop is put at the end of the sentence.
نضع نقطة فى النهاية



She said,"I watch TV every day."______She said that she watched TV every day.
She said,"I am watching TV."__________She said that she was watching TV.
She said,"I have watched TV."_________She said that she had watched TV.
She said,"I will watch TV."___________She said that she would watch....
She said,"Watch out!"_________________She told me to watch out.
She said,"Do you watch TV?"___________She asked me if I watched TV.
She says,"I watch TV every day."______She says she watches TV ....

[خادمه الدين]

جزاك الله جنه الفردوس و نريد المزييييييييييييييييييييييد شكرا

[ام اسر2009]

Lesson 23

Pronouns

There are many kinds of pronouns

هناك انواع كثيرة للضمائر
1-Subject pronouns(personal pronouns
ضمائر الفاعل او الضمائر الشخصية
A subject pronoun functions as a subject in a sentence
وتكون وظيفتها فى الجمله هى الفاعل
I,he,she,it,you,they,we)
He ,she (singular pronouns)ضمائر الفاعل المفرد
they ,we,you (plural pronouns)ضمائر الجمع
It(لغير العاقل)
I go to school everyday.
He/she plays football.
They are my cousins.
It is my cat.

2-Object pronouns
ضمائر المفعول
(me,him,her,it,them,you,us)
They function as objects of a sentence
يكون موقعها فى الجملة مفعولا به
Ex:
He gives me a present
(me) an object
I asked him/her to close the door.
I bought some eggs,and put them in the refrigerator.


3-possessive adjectivesصفات الملكية
(my,his,her,its,their,your,our)
They are followed immediately by a noun.They can not stand alone
يأتى بعدها اسم
Whose car is it?
It's(my car).
It is her cat.
It's your coat.
My book is here,your books are over there.


4-Possessive pronounsضمائر الملكية
(mine,his,hers,your,yours,theirs,ours)
They are not followed by a noun.They can stand alone.
لا يأتى بعدها اسم ولكن تأتى لوحدها
Whose car is it?
It's mine.
It's hers/his
It's ours/theirs

5-Indefinite pronouns

everyone-everybody-everything-someone-somebody-something-anyone-anybody-anything-no

one-nobody-nothing

They are used to refer to indefinite pronouns
Somebody left his book on the desk.
Everyone has his own ideas.

6-Reflexive pronouns

Myself-himself-herself-itself-yourself-themselves-ourselves

I brought him from the airport by myself.
We made the cake by ourselves