قواعد اللغة الانجليزية-متجدد-

[ام حسام الجمال]

درس جميل ام اسر والله مجهود رائع جزاكي الله خيرا وزادك من عطائه وفيضه شكرا ياقمر

[ام اسر2009]

Lesson 14

Infinitives


Infinitive=to+simple form of the verb
to fall(infinitive)
fall(simple form of the verb)

Some verbs are followed immediately by an infinitive such as
بعض الافعال يأتى بعدها الفعل فى المصدر

hope to ,promise to, seem to ,ask to ,plan to ,agree to ,appear to ,expect to

,intend to , offer to ,pretend to ,would like to ,want to ,need to ,refuse to

,decide to

تأتى بمعنى أن to

Verb+infinitive
hope to see
pretend to be

ex:
I hope to see you again.
He promised to be here by 10.

Negative form:not precedes the infinitive
النفى يسبق المصدر
not to do
not to see

He promised not to be late.

Some verbs are followed by a pro(noun) and then an infinitive
بعض الافعال يأتى بعدها اسم او ضمير ثم المصدر
Verb+pro(noun)+infinitive

tell someone to ,invite me to ,ask me to ,encourage...to, permit....to,order

...to,expect.to,would like....to


ex:
The police ordered the driver to stop.
He advised me to study well.

Sometimes an infinitive is used as a subject
يأتى المصدر احيانا كفاعل
To ride in the midst of the street is dangerous=riding in the midst..........
to ride=riding(gerund)=subject

Some adjectives are followed by infinitives such as:
بعض الصفات يتبعها المصدر
glad to,sorry to,ready to,careful to,surprised to,happy to,sad to,prepared

to,pleased to,delighted to,upset to,proud to,eager to,lucky to,astonished to,.....

Ex:
We were sorry to hear the news.
I was surprised to see him in the meeting.

Infinitive come with (to,in order to) to express purpose to answer the question
why

يأتى مصدر الفعل ليوضح السبب باستخدام الكلمات السابقة
He came here to study English.
He came here in order to .....
to=in order to

Simple form come after Verbs such as:let,help,make,have,get
بعد هذه الافعال يأتى الفعل فى الشكل البسيط وليس المصدر
Ex:
My father let me drive his car.
My brother helped me to wash my car.
I made Ali carry my suitcase.
I had.....carry .......
I got ....to carry.........
(get +infinitive)
Some movies make me cry

[الهنــــاء]

انا حابه اتعلم بس هل في دورات

[ام اسر2009]

اهلا اختى الهناء
دى دروس فى القواعد لو حابة تتعلمى منها ولو حاجة صعبة وعايزة شرح اكتر ممكن تقوليلى
كمان الاخوات بيكتبوا دروس فى الانجليزى وكمان مواقع عشان تتعلمى منها
لو محتاجة دورات خارجية او كورسات ممكن تشوفى اقرب مركز تعليم لغات ليكى تتعلمى منه
واتمنى لك التوفيق

[ام اسر2009]

Lesson15

Singular and Plural

المفرد والجمع

A final -s is added to a noun to make a noun plural
تضف للمفرد لتحوله الى الجمعs
friend=singular
friends=plural

Final -es is added to words that end in -sh,-ch,-s,-x,-z
الكلمات التى تنتهى بهذه الحروف تضاف اليها
noun+es
wash----------washes
watch---------watches
class---------classes
buzz----------buzzes
box-----------boxes

For words that end in -y
قبله حرف متحرك
-If -y is preceded by a vowel,only -s is added
toy-------------toys
buy-------------buys
قبله حرف ساكن
-If -y is preceded by a consonant,the -y is changed to -i and -es is added
baby------------babies
cry-------------cries

Some nouns that end in -f simply add -s to form the plural
belief----------beliefs
chief-----------chiefs
cliff------------cliffs

Some nouns that end in -f or -fe are changed to -ves in the plural
تحول الى
f>>>>v+es
calf-------------calves
half-------------halves
knife------------knives
leaf-------------leaves
thief------------thieves

Some nouns have the same singular and plural form
بعض الاسماء لها مفرد وجمع واحد
deer/fish/means/series/sheep/species


Some nouns that end in -o add -es to form the plural
echo-----echoes
hero------heroes
----------tomatoes
----------potatoes

Some nouns that end in -o add only -s to form the plural
auto----autos
photo---photos
tattoo---tattoos

Some nouns that end in -o add either s or es to form the plural
volcano----volcanos/volcanoes
zero-------zeros/zeroes


Some nouns have irregular plural
بعض الاسماء لها جمع شاذ يحفظ كما هو

man-men
woman-women
mouse-mice
foot-feet
tooth-teeth
goose-geese
criterion-criteria


bacterium-bacteria
datum-data
medium-media

crisis-crises
basis-bases
oasis-oases
thesis-theses

كل الحروف الانجليزية ساكنة ماعدا
e-i-u-o-a

[راجية ربي]

جزاك الله خيرا
وانا متابعة معى

[ام اسر2009]

Lesson 16

Countable and non countable nouns

الاسماء التى تعد والاسماء التى لا تعد
I bought a chair.Sam bought three chairs.

Chair is a count noun.

We bought some furniture.
Furniture is non count noun.

A count noun may be preceded by a/an in the singular,and takes a final s/es in the
plural
الاسم الذى يعد يتعامل معامله المفرد والجمع
a chair/chairs
a book/books
an eye/eyes


Non countable nouns can not take a/an in the singular,and can not take s in the
plural
الاسم الذى لا يعد لا يجمع ولا يوضع قبله علامه المفرد
a furniture(wrong)
furnitures(wrong)

امثلة للاسماء التى لا تعد

Non countable nouns are:
Fluids:water,coffee,oil,soup,milk,tea
Solids:ice,bread,butter,meat,silver,wood,....
Gases:steam,air,oxygen,smoke,pollution
dust,chalk,grass,pepper,salt,sand,wheat,hair,..... .

Abstractions:
beauty,confidence,courage,enjoyment,laughter,help, happiness,sleep,advice,news,proof

,truth,wealth,information,justice,luck,music,hones ty,pride,progress,.....

Languages:English,Arabic,...
Activities:driving,studying,traveling,walking,swimming,...

Recreation:Football,baseball,volleyball,chess,tennis,...
Natural phenomena:weather,fog,hail,dew,light,sunshine,fire,rain,sno w,...

Whole groups made up of similar items:
furniture,jewelery,baggage,hardware,traffic,garbag e,mail,money,...

Expressions of Quantity may precedes a noun.Some of them are used with countable

nouns,others with noun cont nouns,some with either count or noun count nouns
هناك تعبيرات تأتى قبل الاسم الذى يعد فقط واخرى للذى لا يعد واخرى للاثنين معا
one apple
two apple
every apple
each apple
a few apples
many apples
several ...
a number of ...

other words are:most,plenty of,some,no,not any,all,.....


Non countable expressions:
تعبيرات يمكن استخدامها للاسماء التى لا تعد

a loaf of bread(right)
(a bread/breads)wrong

a drop of rain
much money
little rice
some rice
all rice
a bit of
a lot of
plenty of
I have a bit of information.
I do not have much money.
There is plenty of food here

[مرجانة زمان]

جزيتي خير يا ام اسر
انا متابعه لكم ونزلت واحتفظت بكل الدروس لاني محتاجه ليها كتيررررررر
وبانتظار البقيه اذا لسه في باقي
ومشكووووووووووووووووووووووووره

[* أم الأميرة *]

جزاك الله خيرا دروس مفيدة

[ام اسر2009]

شكرا لكم وجزاكم الله خيرا

[ام اسر2009]

Lesson 17

Subject-verb agreement
الاتفاق بين الفاعل والفعل

A subject may be a noun(Ali,a student,the book,..)or a pronoun(he ,I,we
يمكن للفاعل ان يكون اسم او ضمير
there must be an agreement between a subject and a verb in the sentence.

If the subject is singular ,the verb should be alike
يجب ان يكون الفعل موافق للفاعل,فاذا كان الفاعل مفرد يكون الفعل كذلك وهكذا
Ex:
-My friend lives in Egypt.

the subject is singular,and the verb takes (s)of the simple present tense.

-The ideas in the book are interesting.

The subject is plural ,it takes no s(simple present tense)

-He has a car/we have a car
A singular pronoun takes "has",while a plural pronoun takes" have"

Uncountable nouns are used as singular nouns
الاسماء التى لا تعد تعامل معاملة المفرد
Ex:
The news is exciting.
My money is not much.


Expressions of quantity:

Some of+singular noun+singular verb
some of+plural noun+plural verb
a lot of+singular noun+singular verb
a lot of +plural ..+plural verb
(it depends on the kind of word after the expression of quantity)

Ex:
Some of the book is good.
Some of the books are good
A lot of my friends are here.
A lot of the equipment is new.


one of/each of/every one of+plural noun+singular verb

One of my friends is here.
Each of my friends is here.

The number of students in the class is 20.(the number is the subject)
A number of students were late for class.(a number of means a lot of)

There is a book on the desk.(a book is the subject)
There are some books on the shelf.(the subject is some books)

Everyone-everybody-no one-no body-no thing-anybody-anything-someone-something-everything are all singular indefinite pronouns كلها ضمائر مفردة

Somebody left his book on the desk
Everyone has his or her ideas.
Everybody is allright.
No one is missing.

Collective nouns are like:
audience,couple,family,police,government,group,sta ff,team,crowd,class,...

When it refers to a whole singular unit,a singular pronoun and verb is used
اذا كانت تشير الى كتلة واحدة مثل العائله كلها وليس الافراد او البوليس كهيئه وليس رجال البوليس
تعتبر مفرد
My family is large.

When it refers to a collection of individuals,plural verb is used
اذا كانت تشير الى الافراد داخل المجموعة مثلا افراد العائله او البوليس(رجال البوليس

My family is loving.They are always ready to help.

Those people are from Canada.

The police have been called

[ام اسر2009]

Lesson 18


Subjects,verbs,and objects

Almost all English sentences contain a subject and a verb
معظم الجمل الانجليزية تتكون من فاعل وفعل
A subject may be a noun or a pronoun
1-الفاعل قد يكون اسم او ضمير
Noun(my father,my friend,Egypt,Arabic,...)

A pronoun>>>subject pronounsضمائر الفاعل
subject pronouns are (I,he,she,it)for singular and (we,they,you)for plural

Birds fly.
Birds(subject)(noun)
fly(verb)


I am a student
I(subject)(pronoun)
am(verb)

A verb may be transitive or intransitive
2-الفعل قد يكون متعد او غير متعدى

A transitive verb is followed by an object
الفعل المتعدى هو الذى يتبعه مفعول به
The student needs a pen.

needs(transitive verb)
pen(an object of a verb)

الفعل الغير متعد لا يتبعه مفعول به

The baby cried
The baby(subject)
cried(intransitive verb).There is no object.

Prepositional phrase consists of a preposition and an object of a preposition
3-تتكون من جار ومجرور
prepositions are
like:about,above,across,after,before,against,of,of f,to,on,out,over,up,upon,with,
without,since,like,by,at,......

An object of a preposition follows a preposition

Ex:
in the library(prepositional phrase)
in: preposition
the library:an object of a preposition

We enjoyed the party at your house
we(subject)
enjoyed(transitive verb)
the party(an object)
at your house(prepositional phrase)

Adjectives describe nouns or modify nouns(an adjective comes before a noun to 4-

describe it)الصفة تأتى لتصف الاسم الذى يأتى بعدها
Mary is an intelligent student

intelligent( adjective)
student(noun)

An adjective takes no final (s)

An adverb modify s a verb,often to answer the question"how
5-لظرف يأتى ليصف الفعل ويجيب دائما عن سؤال "كيف,فهو يوضح بأى طريقه حدث الفعل
Adverbs are often formed by adding "ly" to an adjective
يتكون الظرف باضافة
ly على الصفة
adjective(quick)
adverb(quickly)

extreme-----extremely
careful-----carefully

She walks quickly
walks(verb)
quickly(an adverb) describes how she walks

adverbs also describe adjectivesقد يأتى ليصف الصفة
I am extremely happy
extremely(an adverb)
happy(an adjective)

Adverbs are used also to express time or frequency:tomorrow او التعبير عن

الوقت,today,yesterday,soon,never,always,usually,..

Ann will come tomorrow(adverb)

Some adverbs come before verbs such
as:usually,always,already,finally,just,sometimes,. .......

Ann always comes on time

وهذه هى كل الاجزاء التى يمكن ان تتكون منها الجملة

[ام اسر2009]

Lesson 19



Conditional sentences

الجمل الشرطية

There are three kinds of conditional sentences

هناك 3 انواع من الجمل الشرطية

تتكون الجمله من جزئين:جملةالشرط والنتيجة
If clause>>result clause

1-If+simple present____>(simple present) or (simple future)

It expresses something true in the present or the future
تعبر عن شئ حقيقى او يمكن ان يحدث فى الحاضر او المستقبل
ex:
If I have enough time,I write to my parents every week
هذا شئ واقعى ااذا كان لدى وقت أكتب لوالدى

If I have enough time tomorrow ,I will write to my parents.
If I don't eat breakfast,I always get hungry during class
اذا لم اتناول فطارى ,سأجوع اثناء الدرس

2-If+simple past_________>would(could,should,might)+simple form
It expresses something untrue in the present or the future
تعبر عن شئ غير حقيقى او لا يمكن ان يحدث فى الحاضر او المستقبل

If I were a bird,I could fly home.
(I am not a bird)

If I taught that class,I wouldn't give tests
(In truth,I do not teach this class)

If he was here now,he would help us
(In truth,he is not here now)

If I were you,I would expect that invitation
(In truth,I am not you)

Progressive forms are used in the progressive situations

If it were not raining right now,I would go out for a walk.
(It is raining right now ,so we use progressive form)
هى بالفعل تمطر الان,فلو كانت لا تمطر كنت سأخرج

3-If+past perfect______>would(could,might,should) have+p.p.
It expresses something untrue in the past
تعبر عن شئ غير حقيقى او لا يمكن حدوثه فى الماضى(لان حدث بالفعل شئ غيره وانتهى فى الماضى
If you had told me about the problem,I would have helped you.
(In truth,you did not tell me in the past)
أذا كنت اخبرتنى عن المشكلةوكنت ساعدتك
فى الحقيقه انا لم اخبره فى الماضى وبالتالى هو لم يساعدنى(المعنى:لو كان حصل كذا)
If I had not slipped on the ice,I would not have broken my arm.
(In truth,I slipped on the ice ,and broke my arm)
لو لم اقع على الثلج لما كسرت يدى

Progressive forms are used in progressive situations>

If it had not been raining,I would have gone for a walk.
هى امطرت بالفعل وبالتالى لم اخرج

[Oum Lina et Lilia]

May God bless you

Go ahead

[-جنان-]

جزاك الله خيرا و نفع بك اختي ام اسر
لاااا حرمت الاجر